CBLR Online

From Deadly to Dead Letter: The Rise and Fall of the Constitution’s Contract Clause

Nov 21, 2024

Erik Koltun 

Under the US Constitution, the Contract Clause provides that “No state shall… pass any… Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts….” Though once “perhaps the strongest single constitutional check on state legislation”, it has largely disappeared from legal education. This post explains how a powerful restraint on state legislation turned into a mostly dead letter.

The Different Forms of Dual-Class

Mar 19, 2024

Rawit Assamongkol

This blog post reviews three other types of alternative voting rights allocations among publicly traded companies that have been generalized away by the current discourse.

Fiduciary Duty Claims in the Context of SPACs: A “Quintessential Delaware Concern”

Nov 28, 2022

Manola Aillaud

A special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”) is a newly formed corporation by a prominent and qualified sponsor and management team for the purpose of raising capital in an initial public offering in anticipation of identifying and consummating a business combination and transforming a private company into a publicly-traded company within a certain time frame (usually twenty-four months).

States Declare War on ESG

Nov 28, 2022

Rohan Naik

On the morning of July 28, 2022, West Virginia’s treasurer, Riley Moore, published the state’s first “Restricted Financial Institutions List.”

Keeping Corporations in the Courts

Nov 21, 2022

Alex Sugerman

Over the past eleven years, the Supreme Court has issued a series of decisions that have made it significantly more difficult to hold corporations accountable through the courts by limiting a court’s power to exercise personal jurisdiction over corporate defendants.

Regulating Buy Now, Pay Later

Oct 28, 2022

Sahil Soni

On September 15, 2022, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) made a long-anticipated announcement that will have profound implications on the increasingly variegated landscape of consumer finance.

A Chinese Rock and an American Hard Place: A Clash of Sanctions Regimes

Feb 23, 2022

Elliot Werner

Over the last few years, the U.S. government has imposed an array of sanctions against the People’s Republic of China Chinese government for various reasons, including its ties with North Korea, China’s treatment of the Uighurs in Xinjiang, and its democracy crackdown in Hong Kong.

Scope and Limitations of DGCL § 109

Feb 12, 2022

Andrew Hong

Delaware General Corporation Law (DGCL) §109 states, “after a corporation other than a nonstock corporation has received any payment for any of its stock, the power to adopt, amend or repeal bylaws shall be in the stockholders entitled to vote.”

Attorneys in the Outfield

Dec 4, 2021

Jorge Arias

There are few stronger influences in the American way of life than those driven by the sport of baseball.

Agency Problems in Contract Law

Dec 4, 2021

Elisa Escobar

Agency problems in corporate and contract law have been widely studied among scholars and practitioners of the law.

 

 

 

Airspace and Drone Regulation

Nov 23, 2021

Gabriela Flores-Romo

United States v. Causby qualified the concept of ad coelum—whoever owns the soil owns to the heavens and hell.

Smart Contracts

Nov 5, 2021

Edward McDonald

Amidst skyrocketing cryptocurrency prices and NFTs selling for astronomical prices, uses of blockchain technology have been on many people’s minds, but there is another use of the blockchain that may be of particular interest to lawyers: smart contracts

 

Swimming Against the Current Towards a Rational Doctrine of Personal Jurisdiction: Surveying the Aftermath of Ford v. Montana

Nov 2, 2021

Kayahan Cantekin

The concurring opinions of Justices Alito and Gorsuch in Ford v. Montana Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct. both raised concerns that the majority opinion’s treatment of the “arise out of or related to” prong of the minimum contacts test as a strictly disjunctive proposition unnecessarily risked introducing uncertainty to an already peculiar doctrine.

 

 

Privatized Prosecution: The Outsourcing of White Collar Criminal Investigations to Big Law and Its Fifth Amendment Implications

Apr 11, 2021

Gregory Wang

SDNY Judge McMahon was not exactly pleased with the DOJ despite a wire fraud conviction in U.S. v. Connolly, because they did not quite do what prosecutors are typically supposed to do: develop a prosecution. Instead, the prosecutors had “outsourced” this hard labor to New York law firm Paul Weiss, which had conducted the internal investigation at the defendant’s employer, Deutsche Bank.

AMLA Is an Opportunity for Better Financial Regulation

Apr 6, 2021

Edoardo Saravalle

On January 1, 2021, Congress passed the Anti-Money Laundering Act (“AMLA”), a sweeping reform of the U.S. anti-money laundering legal framework. Now, regulators should strive for an innovative implementation strategy: they should focus on flexibility and adaptability and avoid rigid rules and formalistic tests.

What Comes After the Year of the SPAC? Diligent De-SPACing and Other Considerations

Mar 30, 2021

B. Keith Geddings II

The Special Purpose Acquisition Company ("SPAC") is a shell company used to raise money for the purpose of acquiring or merging with another company. They’re modeled after the blank check companies first seen in the 1980s. SPACs were hugely popular in the runup to the great recession before seeing a drop-off in activity, but if recent years are to be taken as indicative, SPACs are enjoying a massive resurgence.

Limits on SEC Agression: Liu v. SEC

Mar 30, 2021

Ro Reynolds

Of the numerous methods the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) employs to remediate securities violations, disgorgement is one of the most frequently used. In effect, it is an order requiring a wrongdoer to “disgorge” or return the funds they earned through some illegal act.

CFIUS Under the Biden Administration

Mar 29, 2021

Carly Sadicario

In August 2020, due to the threat of a TikTok ban, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) was thrown into the public spotlight. President Trump ordered a divestiture of the merger between ByteDance, a Chinese company that owns TikTok, and musical.ly, a United States company, using the CFIUS as the catalyst.

COVID-19 and the Resurgence of Day Traders

Mar 26, 2021

Sahana Ragunathan

Day trading activity has increased with the growth of online investment communities, which provide a forum for amateur participants to discuss highly speculative stock and option trading strategies. One such forum on the popular news and social site Reddit is Wallstreetbets, a platform where over 1.5 million users exchange ideas and discuss their gains and losses from trading every day.

The Current State of ESG Investing: Towards a More Unified ESG Disclosure Regime?

Mar 26, 2021

Moliang Jiang

In 2020, impact and Environmental, Social, and Governance (“ESG”) investments became increasingly mainstream, with focus on issues like climate change, workplace diversity, employee welfare, human capital management, and supply chain sustainability and resilience. Against the backdrop of changing political and social environment globally, investments that focus on ESG principles could expand further in the coming years.

The OCC’s True Lender Rule: Helping Markets or Harming Consumers?

Mar 26, 2021

Luke Porcari

The OCC has moved to resolve a debate which has swirled for a number of years. Frequently, banks will enter into partnerships with third parties, often fintech firms, to make loans. These partnerships “play a critical role in our financial system” by expanding access to credit and allowing banks to remain competitive as new technologies develop.

Data Privacy In Bankruptcy: Toward A Deus Ex Machina

Mar 26, 2021

Asher Kalman

In response to the increasing financial value and proliferation of Personally Identifiable Information (“PII”) held by corporations, courts have loosened restrictions on the sale of consumer data during bankruptcy. This development poses a significant threat to consumer privacy interests.

A Tale of Two Standards: The Sham Lawsuits Exception

Mar 26, 2021

Dana Nicole Stowe

Until recently, the circuits seemed to have been in agreement on which standard should be applied in determining whether a defendant falls within the “sham lawsuit” exception under the Noerr-Pennington. The Supreme Court set out in California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited, 404 U.S. 508, 513 (U.S. January 13, 1972) a metric to establish a sham exception.

Big Name Betting (AKA SPAC Investing)

Mar 26, 2021

Ofir Hadari

New opportunities bring new legal challenges, and Special Purpose Acquisition Companies, commonly referred to as “SPACs,” paved a new channel for companies to go public, meaning the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and corporate law will need to find new ways to moderate the booming SPAC economy. SPACs, or so-called “blank check” companies, are publicly listed acquisition vehicles with no operations that raise money in initial public offerings (IPO), and place that money in a trust or escrow account to be used for a future acquisition of one or more private operating companies.

ISS And Other Proxy Advisory Firms’ Conflicts Of Interest: Analyzing The Insufficiency Of The 2020 Securities And Exchange Commission Rule Change

Mar 26, 2021

Dan Daskal

Proxy advisory firms provide institutional investors with a host of crucial services, including corporate governance research and recommendations, proxy voting advice, and proxy voting and distribution services. These firms’ ability to facilitate informed proxy voting at an affordable cost assists institutional investors in complying with the SEC’s 2003 rules requiring investment advisors to implement policies designed to ensure they vote shares in their clients’ best interests.

Rules for Content: Social Media, Web Embeds, and the Server Test

Mar 26, 2021

Lilia Jimenez

The social media platform Instagram has been caught in the middle of a recent legal tangle where two Southern District of New York judges split their decisions in two cases related to issues of alleged copyright infringement. In both cases, the defendants had embedded the plaintiffs’ photos (which were posted on and hosted by Instagram’s servers) onto their own websites.

The Possible Regulatory Gap in Future ICO Class Action Litigation

Nov 18, 2020

Reno Varghese

The Wild West days of cryptocurrencies ended abruptly on June 18, 2016. After an otherwise successful crowdfunding for DAO, which raised over $150 million from 11,000 investors, an unknown attacker managed to drain over 3.6 million ether, valued at about $50 million, from DAO, dropping the worldwide price of ether 35% in a single day.

The Extraterritorial Application of the Commodity Exchange Act in the Second Circuit

Nov 16, 2020

Mary Jean Whitsell

In Prime International Trading v. B.P. P.L.C., the Second Circuit used its Securities Exchange Act (“SEA”) jurisprudence to limit private plaintiffs’ ability to bring suit under the Commodities Exchange Act (“CEA”) where the violative conduct occurs abroad. Holding that plaintiffs can only bring suit under the CEA where the alleged transaction and manipulative conduct are domestic will severely limit U.S. plaintiffs’ ability to seek damages, even when they trade entirely on U.S. markets.

The Tensions Between the SEC’s COVID-19 Disclosure Guidance and the Muddled Duty to Update

Nov 12, 2020

Sarah Pyun

In this novel climate of economic uncertainty propelled by the ongoing global pandemic, regulatory guidance carries heightened importance for public companies that seek to ensure compliance with federal securities laws, rules, and regulations.  However well-intentioned this guidance might be, significant issues may arise in practice when the legal bases for certain recommendations are unclear to both courts and litigants.

Do Personal Chefs Qualify for Sales Tax? A Comparative Analysis Between States:

Nov 4, 2020

Will Richardson

Sales and use taxes are usually able to be applied in a fairly straightforward manner. If one sells tangible personal property (unless specifically exempt) to another individual, that property is subject to the tax. There has been some debate, however, over whether or not sales tax should apply to one particular profession: personal chefs.

Bankruptcies and Bargaining in the time of COVID

Nov 3, 2020

Olivia Hunter

The impact of COVID-19 on business operations has sparked a wave of both bankruptcy filings and labor unrest. Many companies that were struggling to hold on before the pandemic were unable to weather the blow brought on by lockdown restrictions and the accompanying shift in consumption habits.

Could Share Buyback Authorizations Prove Demand Futility?

Nov 2, 2020

Luke Ross

An unprecedented expansion in corporate share buybacks has led to a robust discourse over the economic and ethical merits of the practice and its associated corporate governance models. In particular, the continuation of buybacks during pandemic-fueled economic distress calls into question a corporate governance model based solely on shareholder primacy. 

How Congress is Harming the Legitimacy of the SEC

Oct 30, 2020

Brad Larson

The SEC adjudication process is facing another constitutional legitimacy crisis. Back in 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that SEC Administrative Law Judges ("ALJ") are inferior officers and were therefore improperly appointed. However, the Supreme Court declined to decide whether the ALJs were unconstitutionally insulated because of their dual-layered tenure protection.

Bankruptcy and Distressed Debt Exchanges: 2008 Financial Crisis to COVID-19

Oct 19, 2020

Maya Kapelnikova

On June 8, 2020, the National Bureau of Economic Research announced that the United States economy officially entered a recession in February 2020. This is the first recession the United States has experienced since the Great Recession of 2007-2009, and it is regarded as the world’s worst economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. 

Does CFTC’s Initial Margin Requirement for Inter-affiliate Uncleared Derivatives Transactions Disadvantage U.S. Banking Organizations?

May 6, 2020

Sangil Min

In September 2019, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Farm Credit Administration, and Federal Housing Finance Agency proposed rules amending current swap margin requirements for covered swap entities (“CSE”), and have since gathered comments from industry stakeholders.

 

Examining from Home

Apr 26, 2020

Josh Schilowitz

COVID-19 has driven an unprecedented uptick in unemployment claims and forced many employees to work remotely for the foreseeable future.

Anti-Money Laundering Regulation in the Art Market

Apr 22, 2020

Ethan Stern

The global art market, valued at over $67.4 billion,[1] is notoriously known for its secrecy and its insistence on anonymity. In contrast to ordinary course of dealings in other business sectors—such as real estate—when an artwork is sold at an auction, the identity of the consignor (seller of the artwork) is often concealed.[2] Significantly, as there is no registration of artwork ownership, the location of artworks, along with the identity of their owners, are often unknown.[3] As such, money laundering, defined as “the process by which criminals disguise the original ownership and control of the proceeds of criminal conduct by making such proceeds appear to have derived from a legitimate source,”[4] has long been a thorn in the side of this prestigious market. In fact, one observer has proclaimed “[t]he art market is an ideal playing ground for money laundering.”[5] Artworks can sell for exorbitant prices, are easily hidden, and transactions are often conducted in private, all of which make art prime for money laundering.[6] While the precise extent of the money laundering issue in the art market is almost impossible to determine, it is estimated that around $3 billion is laundered through art annually.[7] In response to these issues, the European Union, and importantly, the United Kingdom, have adopted an anti-money laundering (“AML”) framework which could have broad implications on the industry as a whole, and may potentially affect the art market and its regulation in the United States. 

Are Cannabis Users Protected? A Look at California's Revised Consumer Privacy Act

Apr 19, 2020

Emely Luna

On January 1, 2020 the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) took effect. The CCPA promises, among many things, strengthened protection of consumer data for California residents, specifically in the use and sale of their data to third parties, and the right to know what that data is.[1] The CCPA was enacted in 2018, the same year California allowed recreational sale of marijuana.[2] Legalized recreational sale promised economic prosperity by expanding the cannabis industry beyond medicinal use, but with this expansion came several regulatory questions and novel issues specific to the cannabis industry—one of which is consumer data privacy. Medicinal use of marijuana has been legal in California since 1996,[3] and is protected by acts such as the Medical Information Act which requires confidentiality of a patient’s medical information.[4] But for companies engaged in the sale of both recreational and medically prescribed marijuana, additional measures to protect consumer data for recreational sales are required. At the federal level, marijuana is classified as a schedule one controlled substance making its use illegal under federal law.[5] The tension between state and federal marijuana laws make consumer privacy protections all the more significant for consumers.[6]

Start-Ups Face Uncertainty Regarding PPP Loan Eligibility

Apr 15, 2020

Erica Pedersen

The Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) is a new forgivable loan program authorized by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act, signed into law on March 27.[1] This program comes at a crucial time as many small businesses are facing extreme financial difficulties resulting from public health measures designed to slow the spread of COVID-19. The CARES Act authorizes the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) to guarantee 100% of PPP loans and provides forgiveness of up to the full principal amount of qualifying loans guaranteed under the PPP.[2] Small businesses will be able to use funds from the PPP to pay payroll costs, employee benefits, mortgages, rent, and utilities for up to eight weeks after the loan origination date.[3] As small business face difficulties in response to COVID-19, the PPP extends a lifeline to many, but upon its passage and administration, it has also raised questions for a particular subset of small business—VC-backed start-ups.

 

Contextualizing the Ongoing Controversy Over Tenant Broker’s Fees in New York

Apr 12, 2020

Jordan Schiff

Entering into and negotiating a real estate lease is an experience familiar to lawyers and laypeople. Real estate brokers facilitate these agreements between the landlord-lessor and tenant-lessee in exchange for a commission paid upon the signing of a new retail agreement. Whereas broker’s fees in the commercial real estate space are commonly borne at least in part by landlords, the norm in New York’s residential real estate market has unequivocally been for tenants to bear these fees[1]—until now.[2]

SEC’s New Proposal on Exempt Offerings: A Shift away from its Past Efforts to Enlarge the Public Markets?

Apr 7, 2020

Yixin Huang

The Securities and Exchange Commission’s (“SEC”) regulatory reforms in recent years feature its attempts to enlarge the public markets and reverse a two decade decline in IPOs.[1] In mid-2017, the SEC announced that an emerging growth company (“EGC”) can initially file its registration statement confidentially with the commission.[2] In September 2019, the Commission expanded “test-the-waters” to allow any issuer to engage in communications with potential investors before filing a registration statement.[3] These regulatory reforms were meant to encourage more firms to enter the public market which has seen the annual average of 310 IPOs from 1980–2000 decline to 132 IPOs from 2006–2016.[4] A recent proposal by the SEC, however, seems to suggest that the agency may be diverging from this line of policy and moving to empower raising capital in the private market instead. Or is it?

The Current State of the Opioid Litigation

Apr 4, 2020

Henry Hagen

The Opioid Epidemic is one of the most serious crises in modern American history.[1] Opioid overdose deaths increased five-fold from 1999 to 2016, and now account for over 10% of accidental deaths in the United States.[2] In 2017 alone, opioid overdoses accounted for 47,600 deaths—close to the death toll of the entire Vietnam War.[3]Individual plaintiffs, state governments, and local governments have all been active in litigation efforts to recoup the costs of the opioid epidemic.[4] However, the litigation efforts that have encountered the most success and seem most likely to gain traction moving forward are those initiated by government entities, such as cities, counties, and American Indian Tribes.[5] The litigation is focused on “deep pockets,” including pharmaceutical manufacturers, opioid distributors, and even pharmacy retailers such CVS.[6] In December 2017, over 2,000 government entity lawsuits were consolidated under Multidistrict Litigation (“MDL”) 2804, In re: National Prescription Opiate Litigation.[7] MDL is a consolidation device established by 28 U.S.C. § 1407, which permits the Joint Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (“JPML”) to transfer civil actions pending in different districts involving common questions of fact to any one district for consolidated pretrial proceedings.[8] In the words of the judge overseeing the opioid MDL, Judge Aaron Polster, MDL 2804 represents one of the “most complex and important group of cases ever filed.”[9]

 

The CFPB Under Siege: A Combative Federalism Solution to CFPB Erosion

Mar 27, 2020

Nolan Anderson

As a result of the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007, millions of victims of predatory lending practices, often society’s most vulnerable individuals, were ousted from their homes, stripped of equity, and flushed into debt spirals.[1] Congress responded by passing the Consumer Financial Protection Act (CFPA).[2] Its twin aims sought to curtail predatory lending practices by: (1) empowering enforcement of federal regulations via state attorneys general (AGs) working in conjunction with the newly formed Consumer Finance Protection Bureau (CFPB or Bureau) and (2) sharply narrowing the standards by which federal agencies could preempt state consumer finance laws.[3] The former was premised on cooperative federalism whereas the latter, by definition, contemplated state autonomy.[4] A highly publicized constitutional challenge,[5] proposed rollbacks,[6] underenforcement,[7] and infiltration by those openly hostile to its mandate[8] paint a picture of a CFPB that is increasingly unresponsive to consumers’ needs. Alarmed, many are calling for the states to fill the void of a retreating CFPB.[9] This post echoes those calls and offers some more combative measures state actors can take in filling that void.

 

The Elimination of the Paramount Consent Decrees and What It Represents for the Film Industry

Mar 25, 2020

Jordan Lieberman

In November 2019, the Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a motion in federal court to unwind 70-year-old consent decrees entered in the aftermath of the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.[1] The decrees ensured that the major studios divested from the movie theaters they owned and refrained from other anti-competitive practices common within the industry.[2] According to Makan Delrahim, the head of the DOJ’s Antitrust Division, the decrees were antiquated and therefore “no longer serve the public interest . . . and no longer meet consumer interests.”[3] This announcement provides us the opportunity to reflect on the origins of the decrees, what they meant for the film industry, and what they say about the competitive landscape of the modern entertainment industry.

Antitrust Enforcement After T-Mobile and Sprint

Mar 18, 2020

Hannah Koo

On February 11, 2020, U.S. District Judge Victor Marrero of the Southern District of New York approved the proposed $37 billion merger between T-Mobile and Sprint, thus ending two years of regulatory uncertainty.[1] The industry-altering deal combining the third and fourth largest telecommunications companies in the United States was announced in April 2018 and received approval from the Trump Administration the following year.[2] However, attorneys general from thirteen states and the District of Columbia filed suit separately to block the deal, arguing that the sector consolidation would be anticompetitive and harm consumers.[3] Spearheaded by New York and California, the coalition marked an unprecedented push by the states to tread a divergent path from Washington’s federal antitrust regulators. The district court’s blessing of the mobile wireless telecom merger holds implications for antitrust enforcement moving forward.

The Risks of the U.S. Effort to Cripple the WTO

Mar 16, 2020

James Oys

Since December 2019, the United States has succeeded in preventing the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) from issuing decisions in any ongoing appeals, effectively shutting down the dispute resolution system for global trade disputes. However, the European Union, China and other nations have responded to this move by beginning to negotiate an alternative arbitration mechanism that could create a new forum to resolve trade disputes unburdened by American influence.

 

Private Actions for Rescission Under Section 47(b) of the Investment Company Act

Mar 12, 2020

Adam Voron

Last year, in Oxford University Bank v. Lansuppe Feeder, LLC, [1] the Second Circuit split from the Third[2] and Ninth[3] Circuits in holding that section 47(b) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “ICA”) creates an implied private cause of action to seek rescission. By properly applying maxims of statutory interpretation, the Second Circuit reached the correct ruling.

 

Influencing Influencers: Proposing a Public FTC Database for Mandatory Influencer Marketer Disclosures

Mar 7, 2020

Parth Kalaria

With the rise of social media platforms, influencer marketing has become a vehicle for product and brand promotion. A dictionary definition explains that an influencer is any individual who has the power to impact someone else’s purchase decisions due to their (real or perceived) authority, knowledge, position, or relationship.[1] Business Insider reports that “the influencer marketing industry is on track to be worth up to $15 billion by 2022, up from as much as $8 billion in 2019.”[2] As influencer marketing has grown in significance over the past decade, the United States government has become involved in regulating the industry. While the rise of influencer marketing has allowed for companies to extensively promote their brands and products, there are also risks associated with it, as seen in the Fyre Festival debacle. Many celebrity influencers involved with the fraudulent festival failed to disclose their endorsements, misleading consumers into not questioning the legitimacy of the event.[3] In this tumultuous landscape, recent news headlines indicate the opportunity for a change to the rules regarding influencer marketing.

The Corporation or “The Prosecution”? Upholding Brady in the Wake of Outsourced Internal Investigations

Mar 4, 2020

Sarah Patterson

Last May, Chief Judge Colleen McMahon of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York harshly condemned the Department of Justice’s (DOJ) “routin[e] outsourcing [of]…investigations into complex financial matters” to the corporations targeted by those investigations.[1] The order containing this language, which addressed a post-conviction motion for relief under United States v. Kastigar,[2] was notable for its broader message that the DOJ’s reliance on the labor of a corporate target to identify and prosecute culpable individuals can render that target “de facto the government”[3] for the purposes of enforcing constitutional safeguards. This conclusion could have far-reaching consequences—including on the component of due process articulated in Brady v. Maryland.[4]

The Retail Apocalypse and the Courts

Feb 29, 2020

Bou Lee

The retail industry has been experiencing a Retail Apocalypse; over the past decade, thousands of brick-and-mortar retail stores are losing sales and closing due to reasons ranging from the rise of e-commerce to inefficient operations.[1] In the past year, many large brands such as Macy’s have announced that they will be closing many of their stores.[2] As individual stores close, they leave behind large spaces in America’s malls that have become increasingly difficult to lease.[3] An individual store’s closure can also have a domino effect where other stores begin leaving as well, ultimately leading to the mall’s demise. In fact, one 2017 study predicted that between 20% and 25% of American malls will close by 2022.[4] Vacancies in shopping malls have hit all-time highs, even surpassing the number of vacancies during the Great Recession.[5] Mall closures can lead to a whole host of problems: crime,[6] financial blows to the landlord, and losses of tens of thousands of retail jobs.[7] The current solutions implemented to address the Retail Apocalypse may not be adequate and instead will result in more in-court disputes.

The Future of Tribal Lending in Light of Gingras

Feb 24, 2020

Harlea Perdue

The changing landscape of payday lending litigation may spell trouble for tribal lending enterprises. If current circuit trends continue, tribal lenders may be unable to collect on loans that would be otherwise unlawful under state law, even if the tribes themselves are not bound to follow those laws. Over the last decade and a half, the payday lending industry has shifted from an almost-exclusively brick-and-mortar model to one that sees around half of all lending activities occurring online. Tribal lending enterprises, in particular, represent a large sector of the online lending market due to their unique advantages over other lenders. Since payday lending has historically been regulated almost exclusively at the state level, tribal exemption from state law under Worcester and tribal sovereign immunity have enabled tribal lenders to gain dominance in the online sphere. Tribes have historically relied on that sovereign immunity to protect their lending enterprises against litigious plaintiffs, but recent decisions in the Second Circuit as well as pending litigation in several trial courts put the future of immunity for tribal payday and installment lending in serious question.

 

California’s Fair Pay to Play Act: Death of the NCAA?

Feb 16, 2020

John Yu

California’s Senate Bill No. 206, better known as the Fair Pay to Play Act (FPPA), has been generating quite a bit of publicity in recent months. The FPPA had, among other things, promised to allow college athletes to be compensated for their name, image, and likeness rights (NILs), which is forbidden under the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules. Options to solve this quagmire include legislative proposals like the FPPA and legal challenges against the NCAA by states supporting student-athlete NIL compensation. There are, however, several problems with each option.

 

Can Airbnb Walk the Walk of Stakeholder Capitalism?

Feb 10, 2020

Clare Curran

Stakeholder capitalism—the idea that business should serve all stakeholders, not just shareholders—led the agenda at last month’s World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, Switzerland. In a panel discussion on the topic, Marc Benioff, CEO of Salesforce, declared, “Capitalism as we know it is dead. . . . Stakeholder capitalism is finally hitting a tipping point.” Indeed, on January 17, Airbnb, a tech unicorn expected to go public later this year, announced updates to its corporate governance—in the name of benefiting all stakeholders.

 

Signs of Bureaucratic Jockeying in Proposed Supervised Lenders Regulations

Feb 8, 2020

Taylor Sutton

Judging by their probable effects, Small Business Administration (SBA) regulations proposed on January 13th and entitled “SBA Supervised Lenders Application Process,” seem to indicate a bureaucratically self-aggrandizing approach by the SBA, at least toward its small business loan program. The 7(a) Loan Program outlined within the Small Business Act, allows the SBA to offer tradable guarantees of portions of certain loans made by certain lenders to small businesses. Among other things, the proposed regulations would clamp down on non-federally regulated lenders (NFRLs) by restricting interstate activity, impose higher capital requirements that would supersede state requirements, and afford the SBA substantial power to hold up transactions in lender stock by allowing it to veto deals involving more than 10% of the lender’s shares.

Appraisal Arbitrage Two Years after DFC and Dell

Jan 17, 2020

Jack Weymer

In two 2017 decisions, DFC Global Corp. v. Muirfield Value Partners, L.P. (“DFC”) and Dell, Inc v. Magnetar Global Event Driven Master Fund, Ltd. (“Dell”), the Delaware Supreme Court loosely adopted the notion that the deal price of a merger resulting from a robust, arms-length bidding process is often the best indicator of fair value in appraisal actions. This marked a major methodological shift in appraisal rights litigation; historically, the Chancery Court had opted to find the “intrinsic value” of a firm’s stock through a highly specific assessment of factual circumstances. Thus far, application of the reasoning in DFC and Dell has largely yielded awards near or below deal value. The resulting decrease in the profitability of appraisal claims has called into question the longevity of the investment strategy called “appraisal arbitrage.”

Booking.maybe? Supreme Court to Weigh in

Jan 10, 2020

Jacob Kornman

On November 8, 2019, the Supreme Court granted certiorari to review the decision in Booking.com B.V. v. United States Patent & Trademark Office. At issue is whether “Booking.com” is a distinctive mark worthy of trademark protection or whether it is a generic name simply describing the service offered by the website. The Fourth Circuit affirmed the district court’s determination “that although ‘booking’ was a generic term for the services identified, BOOKING.COM as a whole was nevertheless a descriptive mark.” The Fourth Circuit further upheld the district court’s determination that Booking.com met its burden (largely through survey evidence) of showing that the URL mark “had acquired secondary meaning, and therefore was protectable.”

Federal Courts Turn Away Delaware’s Redirected Merger Suits

Jan 7, 2020

David McKinley

Between 2015 and 2017, Delaware state courts made substantial efforts to reduce their volume of merger litigation by (1) expanding the business judgment review to cover a broader swath of mergers and (2) denying plaintiffs attorneys’ fees in disclosure suits if their lawsuits do not confer a substantial benefit on shareholders. These measures were effective; in May 2017, Law360 published an article on the “exodus” of deal suits from Delaware’s Chancery Court.The exodus, it turned out, was simply a migration to federal court, and in September 2019, federal courts attempted to stem this migration. In Scott v. DST Systems, a Delaware federal judge denied plaintiff-shareholders attorneys’ fees stemming from their suit over an allegedly misleading merger proxy statement. The case followed a typical pattern of M&A strike suits. A strike suit is typically a derivative action, “often based on no valid claim, brought either for nuisance value or as leverage to obtain a favorable or inflated settlement.” In February 2018, DST Systems solicited shareholder support for a proposed $5.4 billion acquisition by SS&C Technologies. A few weeks after the DST board published its initial proxy statement, plaintiff DST shareholders filed suit alleging material deficiencies in the proxy disclosures. The board responded with a supplemental proxy statement, curing the alleged deficiencies and mooting the plaintiffs’ suit. The plaintiffs then moved for attorneys’ fees.

Allowing NCAA Football Players to Profit from Their Name, Image, and Likeness Will Enhance Competition, Not Reduce It

Dec 26, 2019

Ian Hesterly

College sports is big business, and college football makes up the lion’s share of the revenue. The average Division I school’s football team makes more money than the school’s next 35 sports combined, including men’s basketball. According to Forbes, the 25 most valuable college football programs generated $2.7 billion in revenue and $1.5 billion in profit, led by Texas A&M’s football program with $94 million in profit and $147 million in revenue per year. A large portion of college football revenue comes from TV contracts. ESPN is currently in the middle of a 12-year, $7.3 billion TV deal for the rights to televise the four-team playoff at the end of the season. Under that deal, ESPN is paying just under $203 million per game.

 

Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Dilemmas of Global Cryptocurrency Regulation

Dec 19, 2019

Jacquelyn Watson

Cryptocurrency as it currently exists inherently crosses the boundaries between existing legal precedents. Though neither a sovereign currency nor a traditional investment mechanism, cryptocurrencies can operate as both in portfolios, which leaves regulators to deal with the intricacies. As a complicated and relatively new piece of financial technology, cryptocurrencies occupy a complicated place in the regulatory landscape. Globally, regulation has taken several different shapes and countries have found a variety of ways to deal with the complicated issues created by the new financial technology. Since cryptocurrencies are designed to operate as a currency, and were designed, in some ways, to operate without a traditional regulatory scheme, governments have tried a variety of strategies to deal with a technology that does not operate under traditional metrics.

Copyright and the Esports Industry

Dec 15, 2019

Jenny Park

The growth of the esports industry and the use of video game content on streaming and video content websites raises questions in copyright law. Esports is an industry that is growing in popularity and revenue. With an expanding audience and current predictions that the global esports market will exceed $1 billion by 2021, there are a significant number of business opportunities available in the gaming industry. One area driving growth is the use of content creators to promote esports. Most, if not all, esports organizations sponsor popular internet content creators because they attract viewers, with some of the most popular streamers having millions of followers. Content creators in this industry typically broadcast themselves playing games casually or competitively. The visibility of these content creators, in conjunction with their partnership with esports organizations, will typically result in increased opportunities to attract other sponsors and advertisers.

EQUITABLE Act: Background and Potential Application

Dec 4, 2019

Wang Chen

In June 2019, Senator Marco Rubio introduced a new bill called the Ensuring Quality Information and Transparency for Abroad-Based Listings on our Exchanges (“EQUITABLE”) Act (“the Act”) to heighten oversight of foreign companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges. Among other things, the EQUITABLE Act requires U.S. stock exchanges to de-list all foreign companies that fail to comply with federal regulations on the audits of their financial statements. This post will first set out the backgrounds of this new bill, and then analyze the applicable scope of the Act.

Regulating Private Equity by Aligning PE Fund and Stakeholder Interests? A Look at Senator Warren’s Proposal

Nov 26, 2019

Nicholas Pokas

Democratic presidential candidate Senator Elizabeth Warren has put renegotiating the relationship between workers and capital at the fore of her campaign. She wrote that her plan to rein in Wall Street “start[s] by transforming the private equity industry” and she has proposed the Stop Wall Street Looting Act of 2019 (“the Act”) to that end. The Act proposes changes, small and large, to the industry, from minor changes in regulatory oversight to provisions that would fundamentally reshape industry practices and even corporate law.

How Corporate Controversies Regarding Engagement with China Interact with the Debate over Corporate Purpose

Nov 21, 2019

Gregory Graham

In recent weeks, controversy over corporate concessions to China on content and employee speech has gripped public discourse. On October 4th of this year, Houston Rockets’ General Manager Daryl Morey kicked off a public relations crisis for the NBA by tweeting his support for ongoing pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong. Morey’s tweet triggered an immediate backlash from the Chinese government and public against the NBA, driving both the Rockets and the league to apologize and distance themselves from Morey. Prominent coaches and players echoed these comments, including superstar LeBron James, who criticized Morey for tweeting while “misinformed” on Hong Kong. In spite of these remedial efforts, the NBA suffered retaliation in the Chinese market including the cancellation of broadcasts and the pulling of team merchandise.

Legislating Deepfakes: The Internet’s Newest Stalemate Between Lawmakers and Tech Companies

Nov 15, 2019

Greg Parker

When the House Intelligence Committee met in June 2019 to discuss the most pressing threats to the upcoming 2020 presidential election, Committee Chairman Representative Adam Schiff opened with an alarming call to action: “We are on the cusp of a technological revolution,” he warned, “that could enable even more sinister forms of deception and disinformation by malign actors, foreign or domestic.”

Employee Classification in the Wake of Dynamex

Nov 11, 2019

Brian Johnson

Over the past few years, employee classification has become a more prevalent issue. Technology has advanced such that companies like Uber and Lyft provide a platform for workers to connect with consumers, classifying those workers who use the platform as “independent contractors” instead of “employees.” More and more employers are misclassifying their employees as independent contractors in order to avoid paying unemployment insurance, fair wages, and giving workers their legally entitled rights. Typically, courts look at the economic realities of a situation to determine whether a worker is an employee as opposed to an independent contractor. The traditional test looks to a myriad of factors, including the degree of control an employer exercises over the worker, how the worker is paid, the employer’s right to hire and fire the worker, and whether the performance of the worker’s duties was an integral part of the employer’s business. On September 18, 2019, California Governor Gavin Newson signed a new definition of “employee” into law in the wake of the Dynamex Operations West v. Superior Court decision.

 

Bifurcated Settlement Structures: An Unsettling Loophole for New York Employers

Nov 6, 2019

Daniel Sweeney

Four years ago, the Second Circuit held that parties cannot settle Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) claims through a private stipulated dismissal with prejudice pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(ii). Under Cheeks, FLSA settlement agreements must be approved by either a court or the Department of Labor (“DOL”). In deciding Cheeks, the Second Circuit was concerned with the “disparate bargaining power between employers and employees,” and wanted to ensure that individual plaintiffs would not be pressured into unfair settlement agreements.

Assessing Regulatory Risk in the Residential Solar Asset-Backed Securities Market

Oct 29, 2019

Megan Hirsh

With the solar investment tax credit (“ITC”) beginning to phase out at the end of 2019, now is a good time to think about how current regulatory risk will affect the value proposition of residential solar. Given the anticipated utility bill savings that residential solar offers, wealthier households may choose to independently invest in residential panels. But liquidity is a problem for most American households. As a result, solar providers created third-party-owned financing models, making solar a more accessible investment.

Back to the Future: Traditional Common Law Solutions to Impending LIBOR Problems

Oct 24, 2019

Isaac Hudis

The London interbank offered rate (“LIBOR”), a measure of short-term interest rates and a key benchmark for trillions of dollars’ worth of contracts, is dying. Market participants and financial regulators have searched for a replacement since 2012, when several banks admitted to manipulating LIBOR for profit.  In response, the U.K.’s Financial Conduct Authority (“F.C.A.”) issued a warning that companies should not rely on LIBOR’s continued existence after the end of 2021. As the deadline looms, U.S. regulators, market participants, and even law firms continue to bang the warning drum: parties must voluntarily renegotiate their contracts, or else. According to a recent survey, fewer than half of companies reported feeling confident that they will be ready when LIBOR disappears. This widespread unpreparedness makes it seem increasingly likely that companies, and eventually courts, will have to deal with the “else.” The looming question, then, is not just how judges might resolve contract disputes arising out of the end of LIBOR, but how judges should resolve them

 

Denying Chinese Companies Access to U.S. Exchanges?

Oct 23, 2019

Hedwig Zheng

In the past month, news broke that the White House narrowed down the measures contemplated to restrict U.S. investors’ capital flows into China, including delisting Chinese companies from U.S. stock exchanges. Motivations behind such restrictions vary from protecting U.S. investors from excessive risk due to lack of regulatory compliance by Chinese businesses, to addressing national and economic security concerns associated with the Chinese government’s influence over private companies.

 

Windstream’s Windfall: When Do Contracts Evolve in Response to Disaster?

Oct 20, 2019

Evan Rocher

The recent decision in U.S. Bank National Ass'n v. Windstream Services, LLC, No. 17-CV-7857 (JMF), 2019 WL 948120 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 15, 2019) is the subject of much heated commentary. However, little ink has been spilled about defensive changes in debt contracts after Windstream (“Windstream covenants”).

Does the Duty to Mitigate Have an Expiration Date?

Oct 19, 2019

Catherine Shu

It is a well-established principle in contract law that the non-breaching party has a duty to mitigate losses after the realization of the breach. However, how long does this duty run? When should the non-breaching party be discharged from this duty? What date should the court look to when calculating damages after the breach? In a commercial setting where contracting parties have equal bargaining power, and in the absence of reliance, these questions are crucial to damage calculations because another well-established principle in contract law states that the proper amount of damages is the amount that places the non-breaching party in the same position it would have been in had the contract been properly performed.

Is Facebook on the Wrong Side of Civil Rights?

Aug 13, 2019

Olivia Smith

Today, over 50 years since the Fair Housing Act of 1968 was enacted into law, the rise of sophisticated targeted digital advertising presents nuanced housing discrimination issues for our country and our tech giants like Facebook. In 2011, Facebook settled with the FTC on charges that it deceived its consumers and shared its users’ personal data with advertisers. Just last month, in March 2019, Facebook settled with the ACLU and other civil rights groups, to make “meaningful” changes to its advertising platform in an effort to reduce advertising discrimination. Despite these Settlements, Facebook’s promises to fight discrimination continue to fall shockingly short.

The Warren Proposal to Break Up Big Tech

Aug 13, 2019

Susie Kim

In March 2019, Senator Warren unveiled an ambitious antitrust proposal: breaking up Amazon, Google, and Facebook.[1] She focused on the most controversial mergers such as Amazon’s acquisition of Whole Foods, Facebook’s acquisition of WhatsApp and Instagram, and Google’s purchase of Waze and DoubleClick. This post will analyze separately the two prongs of Senator Warren’s proposal: (1) designating large tech platforms as “Platform Utilities” and (2) appointing regulators to unwind mergers.

Contemplating the Future of ICO Regulation

Aug 13, 2019

Soo Kyung Chae

Initial coin offerings (“ICOs”) have served as an attractive method of start-up fundraising for a long time, but recent statistics show that investors are increasingly turning their backs on the ICO market. In 2018, ICO projects have raised $12.2 billion, but most funding was achieved during the first five months of the year. Since May of 2018, ICO funding is reported to have consistently declined, in large part due to ongoing regulatory uncertainty.

Is Mutual Insurance the Answer to Conflicts of Interest and Related Party Investments?

Aug 13, 2019

James Kutter

There are two ways that insurance companies today earn revenue. The first way is the most well known. The insurance company charges clients a premium and uses skilled actuaries to accurately estimate the likelihood, timing, and value of claims. By charging a premium greater than the expected value of claims, the company expects to make a profit.

SEC v. Dorozhko: Alternative Data, Web Scraping, and 10(b) Fraud

Aug 13, 2019

Don Butterworth

“Alternative data” describes forms of data relevant to the investing process that are not “traditional” types of information. While traditional information (such as company disclosures in SEC filings or other formal public statements) has long been the focus of investing professionals, recent years have brought an explosion of interest in alternative data sources such as web scraping, credit card panel data, and satellite imagery.

Examining The Relationship Between Chapter 15 And Section 109(a) of the United States Bankruptcy Code: Why Applying Section 109(a) Is Problematic

Aug 13, 2019

Mary Han

Mt. Gox, formerly one of the world’s leading digital currency exchanges headquartered in Japan, shut its website in 2014 after asserting that it lost approximately 860,000 bitcoins due to an unidentified hacker’s attack. At that time, this amount was worth more than $500 million. Although it subsequently reported that it found 200,000 bitcoins, the company was clearly in financial distress. Indeed, Mt. Gox filed for Chapter 15 bankruptcy proceeding in March 2014, to prevent U.S. customers from seizing its U.S. assets. Mt. Gox also filed a similar proceeding in Canada. Although the case is still going on in Japan, all relevant parties involved in the Mt.Gox crisis—the bitcoin exchange itself, its’ creditors, and different courts—would not have been able to streamline this cross-border issue without use of Chapter 15.

Dodd-Frank Whistleblower Program

Aug 13, 2019

Larenz Devaren

In December of 2018, New York State Department of Financial Services completed an investigation involving Barclays’ Chief Executive James E. Staley. The Empire State’s primary regulator of banking and insurance companies fined Barclays $15 million over Mr. Staley’s attempt to uncover the author(s) of two letters from a whistleblower claiming to be a shareholder. The letters concerned the hiring of a new executive, Tim Main, who was a “friend and colleague” to Mr. Staley. While the $15 million fine was connected to the bank’s “unsafe and unsound manner by failing to implement effective governance and controls,” it has given members of the finance sector an opportunity to reflect on their whistleblowing procedures, and the regulation that governs them.

FTC Follows NYDFS Toward More Rules-Based Cybersecurity Regulation

Aug 13, 2019

Hayes Hagan

As the FTC has stepped into a role of regulating cybersecurity, there has been much debate about the relative effectiveness of standards-based versus rules-based regulation. Initially, the FTC adopted broad standards, but appears to be moving toward a more rules-based approach.

In Antitrust We Trust: How Progressive Politics and Antitrust Should Revitalize Each Other

Aug 13, 2019

Reed Thomas Showalter

We live in an era of big business that rivals or even surpasses the Gilded Age. Our president—our wealthiest ever—is a billionaire, as are his Secretaries of Commerce and Education. Meanwhile, Amazon and Apple both claimed valuations greater than $1 trillion in 2018. There is little doubt that big business is getting bigger and politics is getting richer. It should be no surprise, then, that the long-standing American tradition of antitrust action is reawakening in popular politics.

Lorenzo v. SEC: A (Potential) Expansion of Securities Fraud Liability

Aug 13, 2019

Christine Qin

On March 27, 2019, the United States Supreme Court decided Lorenzo v. SEC.  Many eyes were on this case, because of its potential to have a significant impact on the scope of securities fraud liability.  Ultimately, the Supreme Court found in favor of the Securities Exchange Commission and held that “dissemination of false or misleading statements with intent to defraud can fall within the scope of Rules 10b–5(a) and (c), as well as the relevant statutory provisions, even if the disseminator did not “make” the statements and consequently falls outside Rule 10b–5(b).”  This decision clarified what the holding of Janus Capital Group, Inc. v. First Derivative Traders (2011) covers.

Competing Concerns About AI

Aug 13, 2019

Kyle Greene

The dominant form of artificial intelligence in use today is machine learning, which refers to algorithms that use vast sets of data to improve their accuracy in tasks like identifying patterns, labeling information, and predicting outcomes. Machine learning-based artificial intelligence is everywhere—both in the sense that our daily lives constantly intersect with it, and in the sense that we are constantly bombarded with new, often negative, stories about it. 

California’s Gender Board Quota Legislation is Likely Unconstitutional

Aug 13, 2019

Gabriella Okafor

On September 30, 2018, the former governor of California, Jerry Brown, signed a bill into law that would require publicly held corporations in California to include women on their boards. The law“requires publicly traded corporations headquartered in California to include at least one woman on their boards of directors by the end of 2019 as part of an effort to close the gender gap in business.” Furthermore, by the end of July 2021, the law requires that “a minimum of two women must sit on boards with five members, and there must be at least three women on boards with six or more members. Companies that fail to comply face fines of $100,000 for a first violation and $300,000 for a second or subsequent violation.” By signing the bill into law, California became the first state to require that companies include women on their corporate board.

Disclosure Statements & Tender Offers: Supreme Court to Decide How §14(e) Applies

Aug 13, 2019

Whit Shaw

In April of 2018, the Ninth Circuit split with five other circuits in finding that Section 14(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 supports an inferred private right of action based on the negligent misstatement or omission made in connection with a tender offer.  The panel reversed the district court’s dismissal and recognized its departure from previous jurisprudence, holding that the first clause of § 14(e) requires only a showing of negligence rather than scienter. The Supreme Court granted certiorari in January and is scheduled to hear arguments in April of 2019.

What’s Next for PG&E After Bankruptcy?

Aug 13, 2019

William Hayes

Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), California’s largest utility company, has set off a political storm in the state after filing for bankruptcy in late January—not least because of its request, in bankruptcy, to pay out more than $230 million in employee bonuses before compensating property owners for losses stemming from California’s recent devastating wildfires. Although PG&E currently has enough assets to outweigh its liabilities, prompting claims that the company has prematurely jumped into bankruptcy protection, the utility company is anticipating staggering liabilities of as much as $30 billion in the near future, arising from its role in the recent wildfires that ravaged California. California has already deemed PG&E responsible for 17 of the state’s 21 major wildfires in 2017, and still has yet to assign liability for the November 2018 Camp Fire, which left 86 dead.

Opportunity Zones: An Opportunity for Art Collectors?

Aug 13, 2019

Paige Brinton

At the end of 2017, when President Trump signed the 2018 Tax Cut and Jobs Act, he got rid of one of the biggest tax benefits for art collectors and investors. Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code, which allowed for like-kind exchanges, had previously been used as a tool for investors to defer capital gains on several types of investments. However, the reform limited the use of like-kind exchanges in deferring capital gains tax to only real estate investments. Previously, when an art collector wanted to sell a piece of art, as long as the collector used that money to acquire more art, it did not trigger a realization event. 

Website Accessibility For All—Is Your Company ADA Compliant?

Aug 13, 2019

Maddalena DeSimone

What do Core Power Yoga, the Honey Backed Ham Company and Camp Bow Wow Franchising all share in common? All three are recipients of complaints challenging existing website accessibility measures for the blind. While the motivations behind such lawsuits have invited controversy from those labeling them as “drive-by lawsuits,” pursued by self-interested lawyers chasing payouts, the underlying criticism is simple: businesses’ websites need to be more accessible to those who cannot see.

The Aftermath of the FBI v. Apple Litigation: the All-Writs Act Explored & Unanswered Privacy Questions

Aug 13, 2019

Jonathan Trebble-Greening

A 2015 mass shooting in San Bernardino spawned one of the most controversial cybersecurity cases of the new millennium. The FBI and Apple litigation in which the FBI sought to compel Apple to create a backdoor to their security systems in order to access the shooter’s phone raised serious issues about privacy and the scope of the All-Writs Act. However, the case never saw a true resolution – the FBI withdrew their case when a third party was able to successfully access the target device. The lack of resolution to the question of whether the government can compel a company to provide a backdoor to their security systems remains unanswered, and it’s a question that technology giants must still consider.

Cyborgs in the Workplace? Assessing the Consequences of Employee Microchipping

Aug 13, 2019

Nicollette Farkas

In August 2017, a Wisconsin-based company implanted microchips fueled by radio-frequency identification technology in its employees on a voluntary basis. Initially, fifty employees—enticed by the notion of swiping into the building, unlocking their computers and paying for purchases with a wave of the hand—opted to have the grain-of-rice-sized microchip injected between their thumb and forefinger. 

Influencers Under Fyre: The Case for Greater Enforcement of FTC Endorsement Guidelines Against Social Media Influencers

Aug 13, 2019

Nicholas Sun

In late April of 2017, the Fyre Festival—a “luxury music festival” located on the Bahamian island of Great Exuma—fell apart in spectacular fashion. Fyre failed to deliver on its promises of private jets, gourmet food, and luxury villas. Instead, festival-goers were left stranded on the island, forced to spend the night in repurposed FEMA tents, and infamously served cheese sandwiches, despite tickets priced as high as $250,000. The “festival” became a viral sensation immediately after its cancellation and has re-entered the national conversation through a pair of documentaries released by competing streaming platforms Hulu and Netflix.

Paying for Change: Existing Environmental Programs May Show the Way Forward

Aug 13, 2019

Dustin Graber

The 116th Congress made waves last week in the world of environmental conservation. No, not the Green New Deal—more on that later. In an exceedingly rare moment of bipartisan legislative activity, the Senate passed S.47, colloquially known as the Natural Resources Management Act, with a tally of 92 yea votes to only 8 nays. The bill, introduced by Sen. Maria Cantwell (D-WA) and Sen. Lisa Murkowski (R-AK), is the culmination of four years of work by western lawmakers and includes over a hundred unique provisions providing public land benefits across more than a dozen states—impacting over 2 million acres of federal land. S.47, which is expected to pass the House with broad support, contains several key features.

SEC Commissioners Signal Increased Flexibility on Crypto Regulation

Aug 13, 2019

Andrew Connery

It’s been a busy year for cryptocurrencies and the regulators who oversee them. There were several concerning signs for proponents—for instance the price of Bitcoin has dropped more than $18,000 since its high in December 2017, highlighting the volatility of trading in crypto assets. In February 2018, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Chairman Jay Clayton testified in a Senate hearing that every Initial Coin Offering he’d seen came within the scope of securities law, despite a lack of SEC enforcement action.

Resolving the Circuit Split on Article III Standing for Data Breach Suits

Aug 13, 2019

Luke Martin

Circuit Courts are split on plaintiff standing in data breach cases and so far the Supreme Court has declined to weigh in on interpretations of Article III standing in this context. The principal split in interpretation is on whether data theft alone is sufficient for standing under Article III or whether actual misuse of the stolen information is required to have occurred for plaintiffs to have standing. The D.C., Third, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuits have aligned with the former of these standards, whereas the Second, Fourth, and Eighth apply the latter standard.

Secrets, Secrets: The Trump Administration and Chinese Intellectual Property Theft

Aug 13, 2019

Conor Mercadante

On January 28, 2019, federal prosecutors announced a slate of criminal charges against Huawei, China’s largest smartphone company and the second-largest vendor of smartphones in the world.  Among other allegations, the indictment accused Huawei of stealing trade secrets from an American competitor, T-Mobile.  The charges mark just the latest step in an escalating effort to stop the theft of American intellectual property by Chinese companies, one that has gained steam since President Donald Trump took office in January 2017.  As the Trump administration navigates the broader complications of its relationship with China, it must not relax its attempts to combat the economic threat posed by trade secret theft.

A More Perfect Union? Analyzing the Next NFL Labor Dispute

Aug 13, 2019

Benjamin Estes

Much of the nation’s attention over the past month has been focused on the government shutdown, a turbulent saga that finally came to an end on January 25 when President Trump signed a bill to temporarily reopen the government for three weeks. It appears that organized labor had a hand in helping end the impasse. Hours before Congress passed its shutdown-ending bill, amidst reports of significant disruptions at airports due to unpaid federal air traffic controllers calling in sick, the national flight attendants’ union (the Association of Flight Attendants-CWA) announced that it was “mobilizing immediately,” indicating that it could be prepared to strike in support of its federal-worker colleagues. The threat of a flight attendant strike, and the complete halt of U.S. commercial air travel that that would cause, likely played a role in the President’s decision to agree to a short-term solution that didn’t include funding for his desired border wall.

The CFTC Pushes Into New Insider Trading Terrain

Aug 13, 2019

Katherine Berk

Even as recent headlines have criticized Trump administration’s regulatory enforcement record, pointing to a “62 percent drop in penalties imposed and illicit profits ordered returned by the S.E.C., to $1.9 billion under the Trump administration from $5 billion under the Obama administration,” the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) has taken a different tack. The CFTC Chairman made a speech in early October emphasizing the agency’s recent increase in monetary penalties and describing this past year as “among the most vigorous in the history of the CFTC.”

How to Make Corporations Accountable

Aug 13, 2019

Evan Gabor

In August 2018, Senator Elizabeth Warren introduced the Accountable Capitalism Act, which would require “[a]ny entity organized as a corporation, body corporate, or limited liability company” with over $1 billion in revenue to obtain a charter from the newly established Office of United States Corporations. In order to comply with the charter, the corporation must have a stated “purpose of creating a general public benefit,” which must be identified in both the charter of the United States corporation and in the incorporation documents filed in the company’s state of incorporation.

Could State Usury Laws Prevent Another Subprime Bubble?

Aug 13, 2019

Zachary Barker

With traditional bond markets tight, investors have injected increasingly huge sums of money into the subprime auto bond market. The increase in demand for subprime auto bonds has in turn driven up demand for subprime auto loans, to a level which many observers worry is looking more and more like a bubble. In the period between 2009 and 2014 alone, subprime auto loans – loans to people with credit scores worse than 640 – increased by more than 130 percent.

Symbolic Yet Real: Shareholder Proposals Pressuring CEOs for Sound Governance

Aug 13, 2019

Shengling Zhu

In modern corporations, shareholders and the board of directors maintain a delicate balance of power: substantive business decisions are made by directors and executives, while shareholders retain their right to amend the bylaw and make procedural modifications. However, the line between procedure and substance is less clear in practice than in principle. A centralized executive and a group of dispersed shareholders often fight over the substantive policies of the company through shareholder proposals. As institutional shareholders become more proactive, even proposals that are destined to fail could have a meaningful impact on corporate governance.

A Closer Look at the New York Times Trump Tax Scandal

Aug 13, 2019

Daniel Fernandez

Last month, The New York Times released a lengthy article following months-long reporting into the operations of Fred Trump’s real estate empire. The Times reviewed over 100,000 documents including lawsuits, financial paperwork, tax returns, and depositions. The investigation revealed numerous suspect tax practices, ranging from clever tax planning to tax avoidance and “instances of outright fraud.” 

Repairing the Right to Repair

Aug 13, 2019

Emma Stein

Last month, if you took your iPhone to get repaired at a third-party shop or tried to do it yourself, you could have been breaking the law. However, the right to repair movement is trying to fix this conundrum, despite the attempts of companies like Apple or John Deere to thwart the movement’s efforts.

A Natural Result: The Emergence of FinTech and SPNB Litigation

Aug 13, 2019

Mackenzie Humble

The rise of non-depository financial technology firms has been well documented and closely followed since the close of the Great Recession. Partially as a result of the enhanced prudential regulations imposed on traditional depository institutions, a gap in the market for financial products has been filled by new actors who have employed innovative front-end technology to meet the specialized needs of a broad consumer base. However, with the recent regulatory action by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), the fintech space has sparked an entirely new kind of attention – that of the legal community. Most directly, the question at issue following the OCC’s announced regulatory action is whether a federal administrative agency has the authority to regulate fintech entities. The answer, although yet to be determined by the federal courts, will likely turn on whether, fintech firms are found to fall within the definition of a “bank” under the National Bank Act (12 C.F.R. §5.20).

A Brief Look Into Dated Insider Trading Laws

Aug 13, 2019

Stephen Kim

In a recent New York Times opinion piece, Robert J. Jackson Jr., an SEC Commissioner, and Preet Bharara, a former U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, argued that U.S. insider trading laws are outdated and allow fraudsters to engage in misconduct that benefits them at the expense of investors. Jackson, Jr. and Bharara claim that current laws fail to hold bad actors accountable for insider trading because the government relies on an antiquated law that prohibits “fraud” without defining “insider trading.” The lack of such definition, they argue, creates a cloud of legal uncertainty that makes enforcement against insider trading difficult. In response to this legal uncertainty hovering around the financial markets, Jackson, Jr. and Bharara have announced a new panel called the Bharara Task Force on Insider Trading to propose new insider trading reforms. This task force will address critical uncertainties currently surrounding insider trading laws that hinder the SEC’s enforcement against insider trading.

Steel Yourself: The WTO as the Latest Battleground in Trump’s Trade War

Aug 13, 2019

Solomon Leung

President Donald Trump has long called for a reconfiguration of US trade policy–pulling out of a number of trade deals, and imposing a slew of tariffs on some of the United States’ major trading partners. At the most recent meeting of the World Trade Organization (“WTO”) Dispute Settlement Body (“DSB”) on October 29, 2018, an unprecedented seven countries–Canada, China, the EU, Mexico, Norway, Russia, and Turkey–requested that the DSB establish a panel to examine US tariffs on steel and aluminum. However, the US has blocked these requests per WTO procedure, to be reconsidered on November 21, 2018. At the same meeting, the US also requested panels to investigate retaliatory measures by Canada, China, the EU, and Mexico.

Delaware Sandbagging: Are There Still Benefits to Remaining Silent?

Aug 13, 2019

Micaela Piña

In the M&A context, after lengthy negotiations, a buyer may become aware that a certain representation or warranty is false–through its own due diligence–but decide to close the deal anyway. The buyer may then decide to sue the seller for that very same breach. This practice is known as sandbagging. In other contexts, sandbagging is defined as concealing or misrepresenting one’s true position or intent with hopes of gaining an advantage over another. When the purchase agreement is silent on the sandbagging issue, governing law determines whether sandbagging is permissible.

Stop Tweeting: The Dangers of Unfiltered CEOs on Social Media

Aug 13, 2019

Connor J Ritschard

The rise of social media has redefined communication in the modern world. Prominent figures ranging from CEO’s to the President of the United States now have an easy avenue to quickly disseminate their opinions and views to anyone with access to the internet. While access to information is often seen as a universal good, the recent scandals surrounding Elon Musk illustrate the difficulties of regulating disclosure and compliance with the federal security laws for public companies in the modern age. This is particularly true in regards to, as in the case of Tesla, Silicon Valley corporations led by iconic entrepreneurs who enjoy a cult following.

13th amendment: The Economic Metamorphosis of Slavery

Aug 13, 2019

Edgar Chimdi Okorie

Slavery didn’t end in 1865. However, I wouldn’t blame you if you thought it did. Following an emancipation proclamation, the assassination of a president, and four years of a brutal civil war, the ratification of the 13th amendment was supposed to cement the end of slavery. Instead, it laid the constitutional foundation upon which the business of slavery could thrive under a new guise—you know, a change in business model. With 323 million people, the U.S. has less than 5% of the world’s population, but over 20% of its incarcerated population—and I know we’d like America to be first place in a lot of things, but as millennial Twitter will tell you, “this ain’t it, chief.” The interconnected relationship between the 13th amendment, U.S. incarceration rate, and economic interests continue today to sustain this “ecosystem” of modern slavery.

Ohio v. American Express: Should Tech Giants Thank Amex?

Aug 13, 2019

Joyce Jung Min Yeo

On June 25, 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court held that American Express’ anti-steering provisions do not violate the Sherman Act. In a 5-4 decision, the Court characterized the credit card market as a two-sided transaction platform, in which the credit card companies provide services to two distinct but interrelated markets: cardholders and merchants. Consequently, the plaintiffs bore the burden to prove the anticompetitive effects from both the merchants’ and the cardholders’ side before considering the procompetitive effects. While the antitrust laws are meant to promote free and fair competition that would benefit consumers through “lower prices, better quality and greater choice,” it is questionable whether the extra burden put on the plaintiffs to prove the anticompetitive effects on both sides of the market would help further such fundamental goals of antitrust. In fact, this case may create loopholes for large technology companies with two-sided platforms to abuse their market power at the expense of fair competition.

Is Shareholder Engagement Raising Your Prices?

Aug 13, 2019

Andrew Khanarian

These past couple of years, academics have sparred over the question of whether common ownership of Corporate America by a handful of large institutional investors poses an antitrust risk. This theory gained significant traction with the “Azar Paper,” an empirical study linking airline prices with common ownership in the airline industry by institutional investors. The Azar Paper purportedly found evidence that increased common ownership by institutional investors causes higher prices and is therefore an antitrust concern. 

Wither the Threshold for Patent Eligibility Following Berkheimer, Aatrix, and Exergen

Aug 13, 2019

Erica L. Wu

In 2014, the Supreme Court decided Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 134 S. Ct. 2347 (2014), a landmark in patent law. Alice sets out a unified approach to determining whether inventions relying on abstract ideas, laws of nature, or products of nature constitute “patentable subject matter” under Section 101 of the patent act. Prong one under Alice asks if the patent claim is “directed to” one of those three judicially created exceptions to §101—a product of nature, a law of nature, or an abstract idea.  If the claim is directed at any of them, prong two asks if there are additional elements to the claim, singly or in combination, that constitute an inventive concept to the claim and makes the invention more than simply an application of the abstract idea, law of nature, or product of nature—rendering the invention patent-eligible under §101. However, the Court did not, nor has it since Alice, specify in detail what qualifies as an “inventive concept” that makes a claim on an abstract idea, law of nature, or product of nature patent eligible, only that eligibility requires the addition of “significantly more” to the underlying idea.

ICOs: Emerging Regulatory Framework

Aug 13, 2019

Abir Varma

Last year, entrepreneurs raised some $6 billion1 through “initial coin offerings”, or ICOs—a crowdfunding mechanism by which firms issue cryptocurrency, or digital coins, in exchange for legal tender or, usually, other cryptocurrency. Coin holders can stand to share in the projected returns of ICO-funded projects but do not necessarily receive a claim on the issuer’s earnings à la equity-holders who purchase stock in IPOs. Despite their name, digital coins serve as ‘currency’ only for the projects they are meant to finance—and serve a kind of dual function as a security as well as a utility. For instance, those who received digital coins in the ICO for Filecoin, a decentralized storage network project, will only be able to trade storage space in the Filecoin network using that particular cryptocurrency.2 Unfortunately, as The Economist puts it, many ICOs sound “like the kind of bargain that would appeal only to people who reply to e-mails from Nigerian princes offering millions.”3

Insider Trading in Cryptocurrency: Exploring New Territory for the CFTC

Aug 13, 2019

Sam Sullivan

Insider trading in cryptocurrency has been a hot topic in industry and (to some extent) mainstream press[1]. Allegations that employees of Coinbase, a popular cryptocurrency exchange, bought Bitcoin Cash (BCH) in advance of its listing on the exchange sparked much of this recent interest. These allegations have even spawned a lawsuit by disgruntled BCH traders[2]. While that is a private suit not premised on traditional theories of insider trading liability, recent enforcement practices by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) have raised the possibility that cryptocurrency will face insider trading regulation akin to that applied to securities by the SEC. This post will lay out the law underlying CFTC regulation of insider trading in cryptocurrency and examine the legal and policy implications of such regulation as applied to exchanges and their employees.

Public Benefit Corporations: Issues around Voting

Aug 13, 2019

Max Sternberg

As corporate social responsibility becomes a more prominent and permanent interest of a significant portion of U.S. consumers,[1] the Benefit Corporation could become a more attractive investment vehicle, and more Benefit Corporations may begin to go public. A Benefit Corporation is a legal structure that allows for-profit corporations to consider the interests of outside stakeholders in addition to shareholders, and have social purposes that go beyond maximizing share price.[2] In other words, a Benefit Corporation allows a for-profit business to pursue social goods without necessarily breaching fiduciary duties to maximize profits for shareholders. Benefit Corporations are distinguished from nonprofits for many reasons, including the ability of a Benefit Corporation to have shareholders and strive for profits.[3]

Color Wars: The Legal Protectability of Colored Corporate Branding

Aug 13, 2019

Tina Y. Meng

Developing a strong brand is a very important element of a company’s business, primarily because it can convey critical information about the consumer experience and what the company stands for. While companies commonly receive protection for company or product logos, seeking legal protection for colors associated with a brand has proven to be a much more difficult area of intellectual property law that companies have to navigate. Among the different tools that can be used to create exclusive rights to certain colors, corporations have found the most success with trademarks, as the process is less costly and onerous than patent protection, and copyright law usually protects original works that would not capture colors.

Wazers Beware: Can Police Access Your Data?

Aug 13, 2019

Mathew Saiontz

The average American spends roughly 42 hours per year sitting in traffic.[1] This staggering figure helps to explain the public’s enthusiastic response to Waze, a social media platform and mobile application designed to help drivers more effectively avoid traffic and reach their destination. What sets Waze apart from other navigation applications is the platform’s ability to effectively combine electronic meta-data with user-generated reports to determine the most efficient route for a driver to take. Users, referred to as “Wazers” on the application, are able to alert other users in real time when they come across a police speed trap or a car accident that may impact travel plans. Understandably, police departments across the country tend to harbor intense criticism of the application, and argue that the application might be “misused by those with criminal intent to endanger police officers and the community.”[2] As with most technological innovations, particularly those that utilize user information, the efficiency afforded by Waze’s technology presents some troubling issues. For example, if Waze is constantly collecting data about users’ location, movement speed, and other similar information, can law enforcement officials use this data to incriminate these individuals?

Rejected Trademark Licenses in Bankruptcy: Giving the Licensor a Fresh Start

Aug 13, 2019

Abraham Bane

The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit recently issued a ruling which has significant implications for trademark licensees. Reversing a decision by the First Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, the court held that a trademark licensor in bankruptcy may reject a trademark licensing agreement contained in an executory contract, and in such instances the trademark licensee loses the right to continue to use the trademark.[1] The First Circuit explicitly noted that this decision rejects a contrary decision by Judge Easterbrook of United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit which found that while a debtor-licensor may reject such a contract under Section 365(a) of the Bankruptcy Code, the licensee continues to retain the trademark license for the duration of the contract.[2]

Digital Trust Realty: The Simple Problem and Simple Solution for Whistleblowing Under Dodd-Frank

Aug 13, 2019

Dylan Rogalin

The Supreme Court ruled on February 21st that the protections offered by the Dodd-Frank Act to corporate whistleblowers does not cover “internal”  . The Court ruled in Digital Trust Realty, Inc v. Somers that the act only covers disclosures to the SEC, not to superiors or internal compliance departments.[1] While the full impact of this determination remains to be seen, the Securities and Exchange Commission has provided a strong argument that it will undermine the efficacy of the Dodd-Frank Act’s whistleblowing protection scheme.

Congressional Democrats and Republicans can at least agree on one thing: More protectionism, please

Aug 13, 2019

Ryan Baker

In the age of Trump, few issues, much less pieces of legislation, garner support from both sides of the aisle. Two commentators recently asserted that intense polarization has even “alter[ed] the zone of acceptable political behavior.” Regardless of its content, therefore, the recently introduced Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) should be hailed as a political marvel. FIRRMA has received wide bipartisan support, including endorsements from Senators John Cornyn (R-TX), Marco Rubio (R-FL), Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), and Joe Manchin (D-WV), congressmen Devin Nunes (R-CA) and Denny Heck (D-WA) and, perhaps most importantly, President Donald Trump.

My Way Till Payday: Mulvaney’s New CFPB

Aug 13, 2019

Shiv K. Patel

Following the Financial Crisis, Congress took what was considered strong action at the time by enacting the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Pub.L. 111-203, H.R. 4173). Part of this legislation created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, an agency that has caused controversy across Washington for a number of reasons. The agency is tasked with promulgating regulations with the goal of protecting consumers from what it deems to be abusive financial instruments. It is also able to investigate financial institutions for the purpose of obtaining information on consumer-related business.

Representation of Financial Condition: Does the Sum Equal Its Parts?

Aug 13, 2019

Sungha Park

On December 19, 2017, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that the debt of a bankrupt Texas businessman would be forgiven, even though he provided misleading oral statement about his company’s financial health.[1] Under §523(a)(2)(A), debt that was obtained through false pretense or fraud cannot be discharged through a bankruptcy proceeding, except if the representation had been an oral “statement respecting the debtor or an insider’s financial information.”[2] This decision revisited the disagreement between Court of Appeals on whether statements regarding a single asset class can qualify as statements respecting financial conditions under §523(a)(2)( )

A Most Favored Class: Corporate Exemption from the Alien Tort Statute

Aug 13, 2019

Kyle Nelson

The arguments surrounding the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), and the scope of its international jurisdictional grant of American authority, ask the courts to resolve fundamental questions about America’s role in international justice. An expansive reading of the ATS would ask America courts to adjudicate human rights abuses across the world, regardless of their connection to the Unites States. Conversely, the federal courts can, and have, narrowed the statute’s scope to only include a very narrow subset of cases. The debate between these two poles asks whether the United States legal system should focus only on domestic disputes, or if it should serve a role in furthering American human rights objectives abroad. While there are many positions along this spectrum, there is no reason to offer corporations a blanket jurisdictional exemption. The Supreme Court may do exactly that.

To Save a Life: Sales Made in Extreme Political Situations

Aug 13, 2019

Yafa Pacht

Earlier this month, Judge Loretta Preska of the Southern District of New York dismissed the case of Zuckerman v. Metropolitan Museum of Art.[1] Laurel Zuckerman, the great-grandniece of Paul Leffman, brought the case, seeking the return by the Metropolitan Museum of Art of a Pablo Picasso masterpiece, “The Actor.”[2] Zuckerman alleged that her great-granduncle, a German Jewish businessman, was forced to sell the painting at an unreasonably low amount to fund an escape from Nazi-ruled Germany and fascist-controlled Italy.[3] Leffman sold “The Actor”, a painting from Picasso’s Rose Period, for $12,000 to allow the family to escape to Switzerland after fleeing Hitler’s Germany to Mussolini’s Italy.[4] Zuckerman claimed that the painting was therefore sold under duress, and sought the painting’s return to her family, 100 million dollars in damages to compensate for the loss of painting, and a declaratory judgement stating that the Leffman estate is the sole owner of the painting.[5]

How the NCAA has Created Criminality

Aug 13, 2019

Ori Oren

On September 29th, 2017, the sports world was shocked by the arrests of several basketball coaches at high-profile universities in connection with a scheme of fraud and bribery. James Gatto, a global marketing director for Adidas, designed the game plan: pay coaches and families to convince high school players to choose Adidas-sponsored universities and then sign with sports agents who would continue the players’ relationships with Adidas through their professional career. All of these payments were conducted in violation of federal wire fraud and bribery laws for one, silly, outdated, fabricated reason: NCAA amateurism rules.

Objectives for Regulatory Reform at the Federal Reserve

Aug 13, 2019

Paul Stretton

The election of Donald Trump brought renewed focus on the bank regulatory regime. Congressional efforts to rewrite financial regulation by passing the Financial CHOICE Act have stalled. However, regulatory agencies retain the power to advance a deregulatory agenda through new rules and guidance.

The U.S. Withdraws from the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). What’s Next?

Aug 13, 2019

On March 19, 2014, the United States became the first G8 country to join the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). On November 2, 2017, the United States withdrew from the EITI. In the letter from the Director of the U.S. Office for Natural Resource Revenue to the EITI Board of Directors, the Director stated the withdrawal would be effective immediately. The EITI issued a statement shortly after receiving the letter saying, “[t]his is a disappointing, backwards step. … It’s important that resource-rich countries like the United States lead by example. This decision sends the wrong signal.”